Investigation of occupational hazard emergencies in power grid enterprises in three regions from 2018 to 2020 / 中国职业医学

Objective: To analyze the occurrence and risk factors of various occupational hazard incidents in China's power grid enterprises. Methods: A total of 4 191 workers from eight power grid enterprises in Jilin Province, Shandong Province, and Chongqing City were selected using a convenience sampling method. Their exposure in workplace and the occurrence of various occupational hazard incidents from 2018 to 2020 were investigated. Results: Among the participants, 71.7% were engaged in outdoor operations. The incidence rates of occupational hazard emergency, ranking from high to low, were electric ophthalmia, acute mountain sickness, heatstroke, electro-flash dermatitis, sunburn, cold injury, solar ophthalmia, and gas poisoning in confined space, with the rate of 42.3%, 42.3%, 38.1%, 24.3%, 17.4%, 16.5%, 10.0%, and 1.3%, respectively (P<0.01). The results of multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that workers in Jilin Province had a higher risk of cold injury compared to those in Shandong Province and Chongqing City (all P<0.01). Workers in Chongqing City had a higher risk of solar ophthalmia than those in Jilin Province (P<0.01). Workers in inspection and maintenance positions had a higher risk of heatstroke and sunburn compared to those in substation positions (all P<0.05). Power grid workers with protective systems in enterprises had a lower risk of sunburn and solar ophthalmia compared to those without protective systems (all P<0.01). The risks of sunburn and solar ophthalmia among power grid workers increased with age and daily outdoor working time (all P<0.05). Taking protective measures was a protective factor against heatstroke and cold injury (all P<0.01). Conclusion: Power grid workers face the risk of various occupational hazard incidents. Relevant organizations should conduct targeted preventive measures based on regional and worker characteristics, and ensure the implementation of protective systems in different work environments.

Pharmaceutical Care for a Child with Refractory Stenotrophomonas maltophilia Sepsis by Clinical Pharmacist / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE：To investigate the pharmaceutical ca re for a child with refractory Stenotrophomonas maltophilia sepsis by clinical pharmacists ，and to provide reference for the treatment of children with this disease. METHODS ：Clinical pharmacist participated in drug therapy for a child with refractory S. maltophilia sepsis. Based on the pathophysiological characteristics of the child and the PK/PD characteristics of the antimicrobials ，clinical pharmacists suggested that the anti-infection regimen should be adjusted as cefoperazone sodium and sulbactam sodium 160 mg/（kg·d），every 8 hours combined with levofloxacin 10 mg/kg， every 12 hours. For clinical manifestations of severe inflammatory reaction ， the clinical pharmacist suggested receiving methylprednisolone sodium succinate 1 mg/kg additionally ，every 12 hours，for anti-inflammatory adjuvant therapy. At the same time， clinical pharmacist provided individualized pharmaceutical care （including the detection of blood concentration of cefoperazone sodium and sulbactam sodium ，the detection of ADR and medication education of oxygen atomization ）during the treatment，and followed up the child for one year. RESULTS ：The doctors adopted the suggestions of clinical pharmacists. The sepsis was controlled ，the child ’s condition were improved and then discharged. During the follow-up ，the child did not suffered from ADR ，such as cartilage and joint injury. CONCLUSIONS ：Hypoimmunity，long stay in intensive care unit ，endotracheal intubation and malignant tumor are the high risk factors of S. maltophilia infection. The monitoring of therapeutic drugs of cefoperazone sodium and sulbactam sodium is very necessary in the treatment of severe infection in children. After weighing the advantages and disadvantages and meeting certain conditions ，children can use quinolones for anti-infection ；based on the effective anti-infection treatment ，low-dose glucocorticoid can reduce the systemic inflammatory respense in patients with sepsis.

Randomized controlled trial based on big data / 中华流行病学杂志

A large amount of data has been accumulated in Chinese medical area. Problems as how to use big data to carry out randomized controlled trials have also been increasingly noteworthy. Through learning the successful experiences in conducting randomized controlled trials on big data from abroad, this article introduces the knowledge regarding sources of data, identification of research subjects and outcomes, interventions, methods of randomization and the implementation of informed consent, etc., all related to big data, hoping to shed light on studies of this kind, for the years to come in China.

Analysis on the heritability of diabetes, based on data from the Chinese adult twins / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective@#To analyze the heritability of diabetes among the Chinese twin adults.@*Methods@#A total of 10 253 same-sex twin pairs aged 25 years and older, were selected from the Chinese National Twin Registry (CNTR) program. Heritability of diabetes was calculated by using the structural equation model.@*Results@#After adjusted for age and gender, the overall heritability rates of diabetes were 0.41 (0.15-0.75), 0.83 (0.72-0.91) and 0.34 (0.04-0.73) in the <45 and ≥45 years twin pairs, respectively. After adjusted for age, rates of heritability appeared as 0.37 (0.05-0.78) and 0.88 (0.79-0.94) in men and women, respectively.@*Conclusions@#Diabetes is affected by both genetic and environmental factors. The genetic effect of diabetes seemed stronger on female than that on male twins but was dying down along with ageing.

An overview of validation methods based on the medical claims database / 中华流行病学杂志

Medical claims database is an important source of data for studying the characteristics, and burden of diseases, to provide a basis for the development of policy on management. The database is usually used to identify patients through International Classification of Diseases and free text-building algorithms, thus it is crucial to validate whether the algorithm is correctly identifing the targeted population. This paper introduces both traditional and emerging validation methods including machine learning, natural language processing and database linkage etc.. We also have tried to present a suitable validation method for the current situation in China, so as to promote the application of big data in medical areas and to provide reference for epidemiology studies, based on medical claims database in this country.

Association between obesity and DNA methylation among the 7-16 year-old twins / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective On whole-genome scale,we tried to explore the correlation between obesity-related traits and DNA methylation sites,based on discordant monozygotic twin pairs.Methods A total of 90 pairs of 6-17 year-old twins were recruited in Chaoyang district,Yanqing district and Fangshan district in Beijing in 2016.Information on twins was gathered through a self-designed questionnaire and results from physical examination,including height,weight and waist circumference of the subjects under study.DNA methylation detection was chosen on the Illumina Human Methylation EPIC BeadChip.R 3.3.1 language was used to read the DNA methylation signal under quality control on samples and probes.Ebayes function of empirical Bayes paired moderated t-test was used to identify the differential methylated CpG sites (DMCs).VarFit function of emp irical Bayes paired moderated Levene test was used to identify the differentially variables CpG sits (DVCs) in obese and normal groups.Results According to the obesity discordance criteria,we collected 23 pairs of twins (age range 7 to 16 years),including 12 male pairs.A total of 817 471 qualified CpG loci were included in the genome-wide correlation analysis.According to the significance level of FDR set as ＜0.05,no positive sites would meet this standard.When DMC CpG site cg05684382,with the smallest P value (1.26E-06) as on chromosome 12,the DVC CpG site cg26188191 with the smallest P value (6.44E-06) appeared in CMIP gene on chromosome 16.Conclusions In this study,we analyzed the genome-wide DNA methylation and its correlation with obesity traits.After multiple testing corrections,no positive sites were found to have associated with obesity.However,results from the correlation analysis demonstrated sites cg05684382 (chr:12) and cg26188191 (chr:16) might have played a role in the development of obesity.This study provides a methodologic reference for the studies on discordance twins related problems.

Association between obesity and DNA methylation among the 7-16 year-old twins / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective On whole-genome scale,we tried to explore the correlation between obesity-related traits and DNA methylation sites,based on discordant monozygotic twin pairs.Methods A total of 90 pairs of 6-17 year-old twins were recruited in Chaoyang district,Yanqing district and Fangshan district in Beijing in 2016.Information on twins was gathered through a self-designed questionnaire and results from physical examination,including height,weight and waist circumference of the subjects under study.DNA methylation detection was chosen on the Illumina Human Methylation EPIC BeadChip.R 3.3.1 language was used to read the DNA methylation signal under quality control on samples and probes.Ebayes function of empirical Bayes paired moderated t-test was used to identify the differential methylated CpG sites (DMCs).VarFit function of emp irical Bayes paired moderated Levene test was used to identify the differentially variables CpG sits (DVCs) in obese and normal groups.Results According to the obesity discordance criteria,we collected 23 pairs of twins (age range 7 to 16 years),including 12 male pairs.A total of 817 471 qualified CpG loci were included in the genome-wide correlation analysis.According to the significance level of FDR set as ＜0.05,no positive sites would meet this standard.When DMC CpG site cg05684382,with the smallest P value (1.26E-06) as on chromosome 12,the DVC CpG site cg26188191 with the smallest P value (6.44E-06) appeared in CMIP gene on chromosome 16.Conclusions In this study,we analyzed the genome-wide DNA methylation and its correlation with obesity traits.After multiple testing corrections,no positive sites were found to have associated with obesity.However,results from the correlation analysis demonstrated sites cg05684382 (chr:12) and cg26188191 (chr:16) might have played a role in the development of obesity.This study provides a methodologic reference for the studies on discordance twins related problems.

Mendelian randomization analysis of the relationship between obesity and DNA methylation / 中华预防医学杂志

Objective@#To explore the association between DNA methylation and body mass index (BMI) using Mendelian randomization analysis.@*Methods@#A total of 469 participants were selected from the Chinese National Twin Registry in 2013, who were living in Shandong, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, and Sichuan provinces, and at least 18 years of age. A questionnaire survey and physical examination were conducted to collect demographic, clinical, and behavioral information. Peripheral blood cells were collected to detect genotype and methylation status. Association analyses between DNA methylation and BMI and between CpGs and cis-SNP were conducted. With rs748212 as the instrumental variable, the association between cg15053022 and BMI was explored using the Mendelian randomization method.@*Results@#A total of 469 participants were selected. The mean age of participants was (44.8±13.2) years and the BMI was (25.0±3.8) kg/m2. Nine BMI-related DNA methylation sites were found and DNA methylation site cg15053022 in the ATP4A gene was negatively associated with cis-SNP rs748212 (β=-0.020); the mean methylation level of AA, AC, and CC were 0.212±0.025, 0.242±0.024, and 0.264±0.028, respectively. rs748212 was associated with BMI (β=0.04, P=0.007) and closely related to cg15053022 (F=237.66, P=0.143). Mendelian randomization analysis showed lower methylation levels at cg15053022 were associated with higher BMI (β=-1.97, P<0.001).@*Conclusion@#This study supported the impact of cg15053022 methylation in the ATP4A gene on BMI using Mendelian randomization analysis and provided the basis for using Mendelian randomization analysis in methylation studies.

Risk and related factors on metabolic syndrome among people who had received screening on physical check-up programs, in China / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To explore the risk of developing metabolic syndrome (MS) by using the data from cohorts involving people having received screening programs for physical check-up,in three areas of China (Beijing,Hongkong and Taiwan).Methods A total number of 6 828 non-metabolic syndromic adults,who received physical examination for the first time and with records kept for longer than 5 years (between 2004 and 2010) at the MJ centers,were recruited.Criteria developed by the Joint Committee for Developing Chinese Guidelines on Prevention and Treatment of Dyslipidemia in Chinese Adults in 2007 (JCDCG-2007) was used for defining the metabolic syndrome.Cox proportional hazards regression model was used to examine the difference of the risk of developing MS among the three cohorts that received the health screening programs.Results The standardized incidence densities of MS were 3.14 per 100 person-years,2.19 per 100 person-years and 2.03 per 100 person-years in the cohorts of Beijing,Hongkong and Taiwan,respectively.After adjusting for gender,age,cigarette smoking,dietary patterns at the baseline,the HRs for people in Beijing and Hongkong were 1.60 (95％CI:1.34-1.91) and 1.08 (95％CI:0.83-1.41) respectively,in developing MS,when compared with people from Taiwan.Factors as being male,elderly,cigarette smoking,meat/food intake dietary pattern and MS components at the baseline all showed significantly positive effects on the risk of developing MS.Conclusions There were significant differences regarding the risk of developing MS among health screening people from the Beijing,Hongkong and Taiwan.Factors as being male,elderly,cigarette smoking,meat/food intake,dietary pattern and MS components at the baseline appear to be the risk factors for developing the MS.

Risk and related factors on metabolic syndrome among people who had received screening on physical check-up programs, in China / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To explore the risk of developing metabolic syndrome (MS) by using the data from cohorts involving people having received screening programs for physical check-up,in three areas of China (Beijing,Hongkong and Taiwan).Methods A total number of 6 828 non-metabolic syndromic adults,who received physical examination for the first time and with records kept for longer than 5 years (between 2004 and 2010) at the MJ centers,were recruited.Criteria developed by the Joint Committee for Developing Chinese Guidelines on Prevention and Treatment of Dyslipidemia in Chinese Adults in 2007 (JCDCG-2007) was used for defining the metabolic syndrome.Cox proportional hazards regression model was used to examine the difference of the risk of developing MS among the three cohorts that received the health screening programs.Results The standardized incidence densities of MS were 3.14 per 100 person-years,2.19 per 100 person-years and 2.03 per 100 person-years in the cohorts of Beijing,Hongkong and Taiwan,respectively.After adjusting for gender,age,cigarette smoking,dietary patterns at the baseline,the HRs for people in Beijing and Hongkong were 1.60 (95％CI:1.34-1.91) and 1.08 (95％CI:0.83-1.41) respectively,in developing MS,when compared with people from Taiwan.Factors as being male,elderly,cigarette smoking,meat/food intake dietary pattern and MS components at the baseline all showed significantly positive effects on the risk of developing MS.Conclusions There were significant differences regarding the risk of developing MS among health screening people from the Beijing,Hongkong and Taiwan.Factors as being male,elderly,cigarette smoking,meat/food intake,dietary pattern and MS components at the baseline appear to be the risk factors for developing the MS.

Comparison and estimation of different diagnostic methods in detecting the presence of periprosthetic joint infection / 中华外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To compare and estimate the diagnostic value and characteristic of different diagnostic methods (blood laboratory test, histological analysis, synovial fluid cytological test and microbiological examination) in detecting the presence of periprosthetic joint infection.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Data of 52 patients underwent hip or knee joint revision in Peking University People's Hospital Arthritis Clinic and Research Center between July 2013 and March 2015 were analyzed retrospectively. For each patient, results of blood laboratory tests(peripheral-blood white blood cell, C-reactive protein (CRP), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (Hs-CRP)), histological analysis, synovial fluid white cell count (SWCC), microbiological examinations (synovial fluid, tissue and prosthetic joint sonication fluid) were collected. Data were analyzed by t-test, independent sample median test or χ(2) test, respectively. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and accuracy for each method were calculated and compared by receiver operating characteristic curve.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>There were 30 female and 22 male patients. Twenty-one patients (40.4%) were diagnosed as PJI. The levels of CRP, ESR, IL-6 and Hs-CRP in patients with PJI were higher than that in aseptic failure patients (Z=23.084, 13.499, 5.796, 17.045, all P<0.05). The sensitivities of CRP, ESR, IL-6 and Hs-CRP were 90.5%, 81.0%, 95.0% and 90.0%. The sensitivities of histological analysis and SWCC were 55.0% and 70.6%, while they had high specificity as 89.7% and 85.7%. The sensitivity of sonication fluid culture was 90.0%, which was higher than that of tissue culture (71.4%) and synovial fluid culture (65.0%) (χ(2) = 5.333, 6.400, all P<0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The tests of CRP, ESR, IL-6 and Hs-CRP have good value in detecting PJI preoperatively. Histological analysis and SWCC have high specificity, which could help to exclude PJI. Sonication fluid culture has a higher sensitivity than tissue culture and synovial fluid culture.</p>

Active surveillance of adverse drug reaction in the era of big data: challenge and opportunity for control selection / 中华流行病学杂志

Electronic healthcare databases have become an important source for active surveillance of drug safety in the era of big data.The traditional epidemiology research designs are needed to confirm the association between drug use and adverse events based on these datasets,and the selection of the comparative control is essential to each design.This article aims to explain the principle and application of each type of control selection,introduce the methods and parameters for method comparison,and describe the latest achievements in the batch processing of control selection,which would provide important methodological reference for the use of electronic healthcare databases to conduct post-marketing drug safety surveillance in China.

Active surveillance of adverse drug reaction in the era of big data: challenge and opportunity for control selection / 中华流行病学杂志

Electronic healthcare databases have become an important source for active surveillance of drug safety in the era of big data.The traditional epidemiology research designs are needed to confirm the association between drug use and adverse events based on these datasets,and the selection of the comparative control is essential to each design.This article aims to explain the principle and application of each type of control selection,introduce the methods and parameters for method comparison,and describe the latest achievements in the batch processing of control selection,which would provide important methodological reference for the use of electronic healthcare databases to conduct post-marketing drug safety surveillance in China.

A co-twin control study on birth weight, overweight and obesity among children younger than 18 years old in China / 中华流行病学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To analyze the associations between birth weight and overweight/obesity among children.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A total of 8 267 twin pairs younger than 18 years old from the Chinese National Twin Registry were included in the study. Associations between birth weight, childhood BMI and overweight/obesity were explored by this co-twin control study.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>After adjusting for sex and zygosity, when birth weight had an increase of 0.5 kg per fold, the OR values for overweight and obesity were 1.87(95%CI: 1.40-2.48) for 2-6 year olds, 1.69 (95%CI: 1.16-2.46) for 6-12 year olds and 1.28 (95%CI: 0.80-2.07) for 12-18 year olds.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>from the stratified analysis in the 2-6 year-olds, statistically significant differences were seen. When birth weight increased 0.5 kg per fold, the risk of overweight and obesity increased by 0.87 times among the dizygotic twins, more than that of the monozygotic twins (OR=1.86, 95%CI:1.24-2.81). The risk for male twins was 1.12 times higher than that of female twins (OR=1.65, 95%CI:1.11-2.44).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Birth weight seemed associated with overweight and obesity for kids at early childhood or at age for schools. However, guidance on the implementation of public health interventions is still needed on these children.</p>

Change trend of birth weight of twins in China, 1995-2012 / 中华流行病学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To understand the change trend of birth weight of twins in China from 1995 to 2012.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A total of 10 827 twins born between 1995 and 2012 registered in national twin registry system in 8 provinces in China were included in this study. A retrospective study was conducted to analyze the change trend of twin's birth weight.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Mean birth weight of twins decreased by 0.01 kg every five years after adjusting sex, ovum type and place of birth (P = 0.041). The birth weight decreased both in superior twin and in inferior twin over time. After 2007, the birth weight of superior twin decreased by 0.008 kg each year, while the birth weight of inferior twin decreased by 0.014 kg each year. Mean relative difference in birth weight and birth weight discordant rate decreased before 2002, then increased from the lowest point 8.16% and 16.20% to highest point 9.99% and 22.40% respectively.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The birth weight of twins in China decreased between 1995 and 2012, while the birth weight discordant rate increased, suggesting that close attention should be paid to the discordance of twin body weight to reduce the risk of adverse health outcome.</p>

Protective effect of total alkaloids of Rhizoma Corydalis on experimental gastric mucosal lesions in rats / 中国药理学与毒理学杂志

OBJECTIVE To investigate the protective effect of total alkaloids of Rhizoma Corydalis (TARC) on experimental gastric mucosal lesions in rats. METHODS Gastric mucosal lesions were induced in rats by injecting acetic acid under gastric mucosal. From the 2nd day post the preparation of the rat model, cimetidine 400 mg · kg-1 or TARC 20, 40 and 80 mg · kg-1 was ig delivered for 15 d in different groups. Two days after the last delivery, gastric juice volume and total acidity were measured. Histopathology of stomach tissues was observed by HE staining. The area of gastric ulcer area was measured and the ulcer index and ulcer inhibitory rate were calculated. The expression of epidermal growth factor (EGF) and EGF receptor (EGFR) was detected by immunohistochemical staining. RESULTS Comparing with shame group, the eare of gastric ulcer and ulcer index were increased signifi?cantly in the model group(P<0.01), suggesting that the model rats were prepared properly. Compared with the model group, the ulcer area in rats of cimetidine and TARC 80 mg·kg-1 groups was decreased by 39.9%and 23.7%,respectively. The ulcer index was decreased by 52.3%and 30.5%,respectively. There was no significant difference between the cimetidine group and TARC 80 mg · kg-1 group, in the ulcer area or index. Compared with model group, EGF protein expression of cimetidine and TARC 40 and 80 mg · kg-1 groups was increased by 81.8%,24.2%and 57.6%,respectively while EGFR protein expression was increased by 45.9%,16.2%and 29.7%,respectively(P<0.05,P<0.01). Deciduous and necrotic gastric mucosal and a large amount of inflmmatory cells infiltration were observed in model group, and gastric mucosal lesions were improved in cimetidine and TARC 40 and 80 mg · kg-1 groups. CONCLUSION TARC has protective effect on gastric mucosal lesions in rats. The mechanism may be related to the increase of EGF and EGFR protein expression.

Heritability of body mass index on Chinese adult twins from nine provinces/cities in China / 中华流行病学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the heritability of body mass index (BMI) in twins across different regions and genders in China.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A total of 11 122 adult twin pairs from the Chinese National Twin Registry were interviewed. A structural equation model was used to estimate the heritability of BMI.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>This study included 6 226 monozygotic twin pairs and 4 896 dizygotic twin pairs, with the age range as 25-85 (39.0 ± 10.8) years. Under stratified analysis by region, results showed that the highest and lowest rates on heritability of BMI in men were seen in Tianjin and Zhejiang, as 67.8% (95% CI: 50.1%-85.8%) and 42.1% (95% CI: 27.2%-60.9%), while in women were seen in Sichuan and Heilongjiang as 56.2% (95% CI: 47.5%-70.0%) and 11.2% (95% CI: 0.0%-31.7%), respectively. Results from the stratified analysis showed that, by gender, the heritability of BMI in men was higher than that in women from the same region. The biggest differences of heritability of BMI between men and women were seen in Heilongjiang as 55.3% (95% CI: 35.5%-80.0%) and 11.2% (95% CI: 0-31.7%), while the smallest differences were seen in Sichuan as 61.5% (95% CI: 40.7%-86.4%) and 56.2% (95% CI: 47.5%-70.0%), respectively.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The heritability of BMI across different regions and genders showed certain differences in the Chinese twins.</p>

Relationship between socioeconomic status and the prevalence of cardiovascular disease among retired residents living in a community, Shanghai / 中华流行病学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the relationship between socioeconomic status and the risk factors of cardiovascular diseases in retirees from a community in Shanghai.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Observational study involved 9 943 retirees aged 50 and over in Shanghai. Both single factor and multi-factor analyses methods were used to describe the correlation between factors as:educational level, marital status, annual household income and risk of hypertension, coronary heart disease, stroke etc. A new defined compound index was used to assess the relevance of socioeconomic status on the risk of cardiovascular diseases, based on logistic regression model.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>After adjusted for age, the risk of cardiovascular diseases in these retirees was influenced by socioeconomic status. In general, opponent correlations in education levels and prevalence of hypertension were found between female and male. Compared with those having received college or higher education, the risk of hypertension increased in females when the education level declined, with OR as 1.08 (95% CI:0.89-1.30). For those having had senior high school junior high school or elementary education, the risks of hypertension were 1.26 (95%CI:1.05-1.51), 1.34 (95%CI:1.08-1.65), 0.72 (95%CI:0.59-0.87),0.78 (95%CI:0.64-0.94), and 0.70 (95%CI:0.52-0.92) for males, respectively. The risk of cardiovascular diseases increased with annual household income. Compared with high level of socioeconomic status, lower socioeconomic status might decline the risk of cardiovascular diseases in males by approximately 30%, with OR for medium being 0.72 (95%CI:0.61-0.84) and for lower ones it was 0.70 (95% CI:0.57-0.87). However, similar correlations were not found in females. No significant relationship was found between marital status and the prevalence of cardiovascular diseases in this study.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The risks of cardiovascular diseases varied with different socioeconomic status, indicating that tailored interventions should be conducted in different socioeconomic groups.</p>

A twin study in Qingdao and Lishui: heritability of exercise participation and sedentary behavior / 中华流行病学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate both genetic and environmental influences on the exercise participation and sedentary behavior in Qingdao, Shandong province and 326 in Lishui, Zhejiang province.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>568 twin pairs, including 242 in Qingdao and 326 in Lishui, were studied. Exercise participation was measured by two questions on the frequency and intensity and then divided into two groups. Sedentary behavior was measured by one question as 'how long do you spend on sitting every day'. Variance component models based on twins was used to estimate the genetic and environmental factors on these traits.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The average age in monozygotic twins was (41.14 ± 10.11)while in dizygotic twins it was (41.23 ± 9.89). Genetic factors accounted 78% (35%-96%) and 59% (0-94%) for exercise participation variance in Qingdao and Lishui in people aged between 20 and 40. However, there were no heritability noticed on physical activity in people older than 40 years of age. Rates of heritability on sedentary behavior in Qingdao and Lishui were 68% (59%-75%) and 32% (7%-62%), respectively.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Results from the study suggested that sedentary behavior in Chinese people was influenced by genetic factors, which could also explain much of the exercise participation variance in people aged between 20 and 40.</p>

Assessment on the impact of smoking cessation counseling service and related influencing factors under comprehensive community-based intervention programs about the community medical staff in Hangzhou city / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To evaluate the short-term impact of comprehensive community-based intervention programs on smoking cessation counseling services provided by community medical staff and related influencing factors in three districts of Hangzhou city.Methods Within the framework of Community Interventions for Health (CIH) Program,a community trial was conducted in two districts (Xiacheng and Gongshu) and a district (Xihu) as control,by a parallel comparison and random grouping based quasi-experimental design.Two independent questionnaire-based surveys of cross-sectional samples in the intervention and comparison areas were used to assess the impact of intervention.Results There were 299 and 141 medical staff in the areas of intervention and ‘ control',respectively.For the intervention area,the quantity of available resources increased from 2to 3 and the quantity of used resources increased from 1 to 3 (both P＜0.001),while the area of control had a downward trend for both quantities.For the ratios of well-readiness for smoking counseling,in the intervention area were 35.5％,52.0％ before and after intervention (P＜0.001),while the ‘controlled' area they were 28.1％,39.3％,respectively (P=0.162).A slight increase was seen in the intervention area for the proportion of the medical staff who had been provided smoking cessation counseling,as ≥90％ patients (including asking smoking status,announcing risks related to the risks of smoking and advising smoking cessation programs etc.),while the proportion decreased in the area of ‘control'.The improvement of preparedness would promote medical staff to ask their patients about smoking status (OR=1.43,P=0.007),while all factors as a whole would not influence the medical staff to inform patients about the danger of smoking and advice patients to quit smoking.Conclusion Comprehensive community-based interventions could increase the opportunities for medical staff to acquire and utilize smoking cessation resources to some extent,as well as promote those staff' s preparedness.However,intervention itself might fail to improve the behavior of providing such services.Support that came from the policy or from the institutions also need to be strengthened.